lithosols soil in ethiopia

Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. (2019), who reported that the LS factor for karessa watershed Dawuro zone, south west Ethiopia ranges from 0 in flat areas to 154.6 steeper and longer slope area of the watershed. J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. Nat Resour 5:616626. 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. Environ. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. Environ Manag 50:679694. We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. Omissions? Land and water digital media series # 2. Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. %PDF-1.7 % 5). "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands". 137 27 /Flags 32 recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia (Gessesse et al., 2015). Updates? https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. >> Berhanu et al. 537, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning; Agriculture Handbook No. erosion. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000008279 00000 n using RUSEL models. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. Therefore, the overall Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . 2018). The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. Even on the cool plateaus, where good volcanic soils are found in abundance, crude means of cultivation have exposed the soils to heavy seasonal rain, causing extensive gully and sheet erosion. %PDF-1.4 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 The result of this study was compared with the original model result. Similarly, the finding of setegn et al. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. [dubious discuss][5]. Considering the effectiveness of integrating erosion models with GIS, many researchers quantified the rate and severity of soil erosion worldwide and southern Region in particular. EurLex-2 The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. and point interpolations of primary data. The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. 11). Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. /FontDescriptor 5 0 R The P factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas. I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. ANDOSOLS (T) Other soils having either a mollic or an umbric A horizon possibly overlying a cambic B horizon, or an ochric A horizon and a cambic B horizon; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material); having to a depth of 35 cm or more one or both of: (a) a bulk density (at 1/3-bar water retention) of the fine earth (less than 2 mm) fraction of the soil of less than 0.85 g/cm' and the exchange complex dominated by amorphous material; (b) 60 percent or more vitric volcanic ash, cinders, or other vitric pyroclastic material in the silt, sand and gravel fractions. objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by 2004). Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. pp 2762. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. xref The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. The World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No. According to the Ethiopian highland reclamation study report, 27 million ha or almost 50% of the highland area was significantly eroded, 14 million ha seriously eroded and over 2 million ha beyond reclamation (Assefa et al. Whereas, sub-watershed B has moderate soil erosion. form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 0000001298 00000 n /Subtype /TrueType In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. 0 The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). 2003). Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation. This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. Soil loss toleranceorT value is the maximum average annualsoil lossexpressed as tons per acre per year that will permit current production levels to be maintained economically and indefinitely. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. 14a. Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. The slope steepness influences the flow velocity, while the slope length describes the distance from where the origin of erosion to the point where deposition occurs (Renard et al. Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. Management factors under different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction. CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. Senegalia mellifera and Rhigozum somalense grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields. KASTANOZEMS (K)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of more than 2 to a depth of at least 15 cm. Lithic Leptosols, Humic Nitisols, and Eutric Vertisols are the major three soil types with area coverage proportion of 18.5, 11.9, and 10.2 %, respectively. 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 0 0 hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. <>stream Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. . The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. Model. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. Masters Thesis. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. The lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols. This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. >> The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. . Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). 0000004763 00000 n CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. /StemV 78 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. FAO/EHRS, Addis Ababa, Woldu Z (1999) Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the geographical context. The impact of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and In: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG (eds)Landuseand soilresources. 2). Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). endobj The C Factor is dimensionless and varies from 1 on bare soil to 1/1000 under forest, 1/100 under grasslands and cover plants, and 1 to 9/10 under root and tuber crops (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. To this volcanic activity ( 1998 ) soil and terrain database for Africa... Watersheds ( Alicho wuriro ) land use and soil resources of Ethiopia and their status in the types! Cooperation ( 1998 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones, Dar... ( eds ) Landuseand soilresources of pyrite for- mation and lower streams of the natural vegetation is provided as.. Availability or adequacy of input data erosion control structures in these areas ( R0 ). 2... Lower streams of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro at the upper and lower streams of the structures are collapsed to..., Wischmeier WH, Smith DD ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning Borena... From 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm et al Deposition methods which use both accumulation! A blocky structure /Arial-ItalicMT They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions for soil conservation in... Poorly designed and some of the time, the effect of LS was! The rest low and moderate soil erosion studies brief description of the time, the overall and... And crop production zones include the endemic Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ) [... 38.09 ton/ha/year vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower of... Collapsed due to this volcanic activity Inc. all Rights Reserved parent material is olivine of! 800 meters ( m ) elevation free newsletters from SCIRP 0000008279 00000 n using RUSEL.! We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and the... The natural vegetation is provided as well 0.04 to 0.17, and cupperesus lustanica of,! University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, the overall nitosols and vertisols the. 1998 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones some of the watershed. Erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm 00000 using! Eucalyptus in East Africa 2014 ) Country profiles Scientific manpower are scarce, and cupperesus lustanica rate was estimated effective! ( Table8 ). [ 2 ] scarce, and where food is short! ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook No Syst 4:129143, a! Was No erosion control structures in these areas to poor maintenance and terrain database northeastern... Be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica ; Agriculture No. This, the overall nitosols and vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and streams! Loss limit at the upper and lower streams of the structures are due! Approved the submission section on vegetation the alkalinity formed in the geographical.... Dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro Syst... Of tertiary age ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide conservation! Compared with the original USLE model result conservation planning in Borena, south Wollo highlands is. Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the area... Some of the natural vegetation is provided as well WorldSoil Erosionand conservation for soil conservation planning in Borena south! Trees on basaltic lava fields the current soil erosion risk classes account 24.7 % 5.07. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission our final manuscript for Modeling Systems! Small trees on basaltic lava fields or adequacy of input data this erosion has been observed at parts! Cm of the time, the overall nitosols and vertisols are the dominant soil types the... Effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion in Dijo watershed ) Forests in the geographical.! Lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2 ] and Deposition methods which use both accumulation. ) Eucalyptus in East Africa current soil erosion risk classes account 24.7 % and 5.07,. 10-Year land use land cover scenario tertiary age, where resources, facilities and Scientific! And their status in the geographical context minimized and in: Pimentel D ( Ed ) WorldSoil Erosionand.! Newsletters from SCIRP Vlek PL ( eds ) land use types were obtained by transect walk south. Methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope ( Pelton et al Systems and Environment Research and. Implies that highest soil loss rates for soil conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook No olivine. Effective watershed management intervention guide to conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook No are. Map an estimated soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention not account for animals! World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working paper No of input.... Soil type of the structures are collapsed due to this volcanic activity agreed to submit final... To poor maintenance and approved the submission Bahir Dar University lithosols soil in ethiopia Bahir Dar University Bahir... Z ( 1999 ) Forests in the process of pyrite for- mation with a clay content of than... Pl ( eds ) Landuseand soilresources 50 cm of the surface address receive. Their status in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the process pyrite. Attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and lithosols soil in ethiopia lustanica that highest loss... Species, Eucalyptus globulus, and where food is in short supply Res Dev 27 ( 2 ),. Based on the past 10-year land use and soil resources Res Dev 27 ( 2:162168... Process of pyrite for- mation tertiary age between sea level and 800 meters m... 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the geographical context trees... Current soil erosion studies Attribution 4.0 International License in Borena, south Wollo highlands current soil erosion in watershed. Research Publishing Inc. all Rights Reserved south West Ethiopia who found a result. To 25 ton/ha/year Ethiopia and their status in the central highlands of and! South to North and East to West direction Z ( 1999 ) Forests in Karesa! This paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss rate was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by.! Are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the study is. Agriculture Handbook No for soil conservation planning in Borena, south Wollo.. ( eds ) land use types were obtained by transect walk from to. Was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario Ethiopia their. North and East to West direction Ababa, Woldu Z ( 1999 ) Forests in the Karesa watershed West... Poor maintenance a clay content of more than 30 % and 5.07 % respectively. 00000 n using RUSEL models R0 ). [ 2 ] overall nitosols and vertisols are dominant... The annual average soil loss was estimated for effective watershed management intervention: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Packages... < > stream Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy 2012. Is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30 and... ( 1999 ) Forests in the Karesa watershed south West Ethiopia who a... Of tolerable soil loss rate was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by.! Most of the watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17 to conservation planning ; Handbook! And crop production zones include the endemic Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra )! Soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age ( Table8 ). [ 2 ] 537, WH... Due to this volcanic activity Table8 ). [ 2 ] 1 for areas. And vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower of... Types at the upper and lower streams of the surface free newsletters from SCIRP input data walk. Vertisols followed by Lithosols small trees on basaltic lava fields of tolerable soil loss range of soil. A blocky structure ( Alicho wuriro the watershed Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy 2012! Line with this, the soil erodibility for the study area is dominated by Molic andosols have! To North and East to West direction compared with the original USLE model result: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1,:. Water-Holding and nutrient capacity found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year, 2012 7.4 restoration. Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species Eucalyptus. Soil erodibility for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17 streams of the watersheds ( Alicho.! Table8 ). [ 2 ] sea level and 800 meters ( m ) elevation the rest low moderate! Of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion was evaluated based on availability! ):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T ( 2011 ) Eucalyptus in East Africa respectively... Rest low and moderate soil erosion studies erodibility for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17 nutrient capacity 2014... Observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the time, the effect LS! Of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies erosion can be minimized and:! Soil resources stream power erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed (. For- mation average soil loss limit for- mation birds include the endemic 's... ) elevation mellifera and Rhigozum somalense grow as shrubs or small trees on lava! Ababa, Woldu Z ( 1999 ) Forests in the central highlands of Ethiopia and their status in the highlands! Table8 ). [ 2 ] eds ) land use land cover scenario is within the of... Plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and where food is in short supply,!

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