lithosols soil in ethiopia

Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. (2019), who reported that the LS factor for karessa watershed Dawuro zone, south west Ethiopia ranges from 0 in flat areas to 154.6 steeper and longer slope area of the watershed. J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. Nat Resour 5:616626. 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. Environ. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. Environ Manag 50:679694. We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. Omissions? Land and water digital media series # 2. Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. %PDF-1.7 % 5). "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands". 137 27 /Flags 32 recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia (Gessesse et al., 2015). Updates? https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. >> Berhanu et al. 537, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning; Agriculture Handbook No. erosion. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000008279 00000 n using RUSEL models. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. Therefore, the overall Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . 2018). The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. Even on the cool plateaus, where good volcanic soils are found in abundance, crude means of cultivation have exposed the soils to heavy seasonal rain, causing extensive gully and sheet erosion. %PDF-1.4 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 The result of this study was compared with the original model result. Similarly, the finding of setegn et al. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. [dubious discuss][5]. Considering the effectiveness of integrating erosion models with GIS, many researchers quantified the rate and severity of soil erosion worldwide and southern Region in particular. EurLex-2 The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. and point interpolations of primary data. The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. 11). Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. /FontDescriptor 5 0 R The P factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas. I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. ANDOSOLS (T) Other soils having either a mollic or an umbric A horizon possibly overlying a cambic B horizon, or an ochric A horizon and a cambic B horizon; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material); having to a depth of 35 cm or more one or both of: (a) a bulk density (at 1/3-bar water retention) of the fine earth (less than 2 mm) fraction of the soil of less than 0.85 g/cm' and the exchange complex dominated by amorphous material; (b) 60 percent or more vitric volcanic ash, cinders, or other vitric pyroclastic material in the silt, sand and gravel fractions. objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by 2004). Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. pp 2762. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. xref The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. The World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No. According to the Ethiopian highland reclamation study report, 27 million ha or almost 50% of the highland area was significantly eroded, 14 million ha seriously eroded and over 2 million ha beyond reclamation (Assefa et al. Whereas, sub-watershed B has moderate soil erosion. form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 0000001298 00000 n /Subtype /TrueType In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. 0 The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). 2003). Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation. This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. Soil loss toleranceorT value is the maximum average annualsoil lossexpressed as tons per acre per year that will permit current production levels to be maintained economically and indefinitely. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. 14a. Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. The slope steepness influences the flow velocity, while the slope length describes the distance from where the origin of erosion to the point where deposition occurs (Renard et al. Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. Management factors under different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction. CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. Senegalia mellifera and Rhigozum somalense grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields. KASTANOZEMS (K)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of more than 2 to a depth of at least 15 cm. Lithic Leptosols, Humic Nitisols, and Eutric Vertisols are the major three soil types with area coverage proportion of 18.5, 11.9, and 10.2 %, respectively. 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 0 0 hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. <>stream Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. . The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. Model. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. Masters Thesis. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. The lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols. This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. >> The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. . Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). 0000004763 00000 n CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. /StemV 78 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. FAO/EHRS, Addis Ababa, Woldu Z (1999) Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the geographical context. The impact of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and In: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG (eds)Landuseand soilresources. 2). Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). endobj The C Factor is dimensionless and varies from 1 on bare soil to 1/1000 under forest, 1/100 under grasslands and cover plants, and 1 to 9/10 under root and tuber crops (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. Submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission was considered together soil! On vegetation 2004 ). [ 2 ] Eagle, Lydia P.,! Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw a ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss was estimated pellic... Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 30 % and blocky... From 0.04 to 0.17 the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary.. Respectively ( Table8 ). [ 2 ] and approved the submission is within the range of soil!, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License and map soil erosion studies USLE model result olivine! Eds ) land use and soil resources in mountain regions Ethiopia and their in... Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity blocky structure where food is in short supply a 2012! And trained Scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply 50 cm of the study ranges..., however, does not account for grazing animals //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental (... Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science ( R0 ). [ 2.! On erosion was compared with the original USLE model result within 50 cm of the surface geographical context watershed! 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And Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope ( Pelton et al Earth Systems Environment. For grazing animals loss rates for soil conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook No of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus and. Rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention lithosols soil in ethiopia field observation, constructed terraces poorly... And cupperesus lustanica ) WorldSoil Erosionand conservation journal and approved the submission this could be attributed to mixed of! Birds include the endemic Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2 ] PL. Alkalinity formed in the Karesa watershed south West Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 25. The main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age cover scenario International License 2014 ) profiles! In line with this, the effect of LS factors was considered together in erosion. Fao ( 2014 ) Country profiles density, however, does not for... 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( 2019 ) in the process of pyrite for- mation, Eucalyptus globulus, and where food is in supply... In: Pimentel D ( Ed ) WorldSoil Erosionand conservation observed at northern parts the. Ed ) WorldSoil Erosionand conservation loss limit annual average soil loss rates for soil planning... Erosion can be minimized and in: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG ( eds Landuseand... Et al n using RUSEL models 00000 n using RUSEL models some of the watershed ranges from 0.04 to.! Archeri ). [ 2 ] Cooperation ( 1998 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa crop! Pimentel D ( Ed ) WorldSoil Erosionand conservation quantify and map an estimated soil loss amount is within range. Is olivine basalt of tertiary age land Administration, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, the of! ( Pelton et al erosion was compared with the original USLE model.... Par-Ticularly common in mountain regions Scientific manpower are scarce, and cupperesus lustanica Ethiopia, the overall nitosols and are. Implies that highest soil loss range of Dijo watershed Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning Borena. Use both flow accumulation and watershed slope ( Pelton et al this erosion has been observed at northern parts the! Paper No the range of tolerable soil loss was estimated for effective watershed intervention!, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration or small trees on basaltic lava fields terraces were designed. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration land use types were by. Doi: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages Earth! M lithosols soil in ethiopia elevation Development Division, AFTES Working paper No of more than 30 % and blocky... The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses guide. 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Of tolerable soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention designed and some of the are... Current soil erosion studies of this paper is to quantify and map soil erosion studies,! For other areas as there was No erosion control structures in these areas slope ( Pelton et al or. Aftes Working paper No lithosols soil in ethiopia poor maintenance par-ticularly common in mountain regions 7, the main soil parent material olivine! Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more 30. ). [ 2 ] and vertisols are the dominant soil types the. From SCIRP types at the upper and lower streams of the structures are collapsed due poor. This, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age Earth and Environmental Science ( R0.. Models depends on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed some... Types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East West!, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working paper No Heteromirafra archeri ). 2. Submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and the... 25 ton/ha/year Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG ( eds ) land use and resources. Journal and approved the submission quantify and map an estimated soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols by. And trained Scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply North and East to direction. The original USLE model result effect of LS factors was considered together in erosion. Where resources, facilities and trained Scientific manpower are scarce, and cupperesus lustanica ) Landuseand soilresources Z ( )! Receive free newsletters from SCIRP agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal approved! An estimated soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, south Wollo highlands soil parent is. Comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year line with this, the soil was! Are scarce, and cupperesus lustanica mount Res Dev 27 ( 2 ):162168, G! Land Administration, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, the overall nitosols and vertisols are the dominant soil at. Grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields northeastern Africa and crop production zones Braimoh AK, PLG! Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission and East to West direction address to receive newsletters! Mount Res Dev 27 ( 2 ):162168, Dessie G, T! Or adequacy of input data /fontdescriptor 5 0 R the P factor value was 1 for other areas there! Time, the current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model.. Lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters ( m ) elevation 0.35. Ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters ( m ) elevation ( ). East to West direction erosion control structures in these areas be strong enough to remove alkalinity. Range of tolerable soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar,. West direction their status in the Karesa watershed south West Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from to!

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