congress of industrial organizations apush definition

him, he will probably .. . _________________. He was noted for his aggressive organization of industrial workers and for his extension of union functions to include social services and political action. Those unions contrasted their relatively bold attack on the problem with the timidity and racism of the AFL. How do you know? Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Grim nickname for the Great Plains region devastated by drought and dust storms during the 1930s. ", Turini, Joseph. a. varied The special session lasted about three months: 100 days. These codes regulated schedules of minimum wages, prices, maximum work hours, collective bargaining, and . By the end of World War II, more than 12 million workers belonged to unions and collective bargaining had. He was a well-known opponent of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies. In addition, the intense antagonism of white workers toward black workers and the conservative political and religious milieu made organizing even harder. Founded in 1881, the Federation of Organized Trades was the precursor of the American Federation of Labor (AFL, or AF of L), which, late in the 19th century, replaced the Knights of Labor (KOL) as the most powerful industrial union of the era. The executive council, which meets at least twice a year, consists of the president, executive vice president, secretary-treasurer, and about 50 vice presidentsmost of them presidents of national unions affiliated with the AFL-CIO. Keynesianism "Same as it ever was? The hunter or the dog?". "Reconsidering CIO Political Culture: Briggs Local 212 and the Sources of Militancy in the Early UAW. Originally created in 1935 as a committee within the American Federation of Labor (AFL) by John L. Lewis, a leader of the United Mine Workers (UMW), and called the Committee for Industrial Organization. Lewis, who had a particular interest in organizing the steel industry because of its important role in the coal industry where UMW members worked, dispatched hundreds of organizers - many of whom were his past political opponents or radicals drawn from the Communist-led unions that had attempted to organize the industry earlier in the 1930s - to sign up members. Known by its critics as the "National Run Around," the NRA was an early New Deal program designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed through centralized planning mechanisms that monitored workers' earnings and working hours to distribute work and established codes for "fair competition" to ensure that similar procedures were followed by all firms in any particular industrial sector. The AFL, in fact, dissolved hundreds of federal unions in late 1934 and early 1935. APUSH Chapter 28. ", Nelson, Bruce. Reuther died in 1970, and, two years after Meanys retirement and Lane Kirklands accession to the presidency of the AFL-CIO in 1979, the UAW reaffiliated with the AFL-CIO. Popular term for the special session of Congress in early 1933 that passed vast quantities of Roosevelt-initiated legislation Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) The early New Deal agency that worked to solve the problems of unemployment and conservation by employing youth in reforestation and other socially beneficial tasks Membership in the new labour entity included about one-third of all nonagricultural workers in 1955. The federation is supported by a per capita tax levied on affiliated unions and organizing committees. Lewis pledged to resign as CIO president if Roosevelt, whom he had previously supported, was reelected in 1940. Local union delegates, allocated in proportion to their membership, elect the president to a four-year term. Stuart Eimer, "The CIO and Third Party Politics in New York: The Rise and Fall of the CIO-ALP, ", Irving Bernstein, "John L. Lewis and the Voting Behavior of the C.I.O. ", "The CIO and third party politics in New York: The rise and fall of the CIOALP", "American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) | labour organization", "CIO unions map - Mapping American Social Movements", "UAW locals map - Mapping American Social Movements", "UE locals map - Mapping American Social Movements", "ILWU locals map - Mapping American Social Movements", "IWA locals map - Mapping American Social Movements", "ITU locals map - Mapping American Social Movements", "Amalgamated Clothing Workers map - Mapping American Social Movements", "ILGWU locals map - Mapping American Social Movements", The George Meany Memorial AFL-CIO Archive, Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Special Collections, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations&oldid=1141983335, National Union of Marine Cooks and Stewards, United Department Store Workers of America, United Gas, Coke and Chemical Workers of America, United Optical and Instrument Workers of America, Fones-Wolf, Elizabeth. In 1955, the CIO rejoined the AFL, forming the new entity known as the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFLCIO). In its statement of purpose, the CIO said that it had formed to encourage the AFL to organize workers in mass production industries along industrial union lines. "The New Deal Reform and Labor Project at the American Catholic History Research Center and University Archives. Wife to FDR, supported the New Deal policies. The rivalry for dominance was bitter and sometimes it was violent. Unlike the American Federation of Labor (AFL)which had ignored the new industries that employed thousands of unskilled or semiskilled workersthe CIO organized these industrial workers through sit-down strikes and walkouts. Norris sponsored the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933. [17] The Mine Workers, by contrast, who did not belong to either the AFL or the CIO for much of the war, engaged in a successful twelve-day strike in 1943. At the turn of the twentieth century, the idea of an organization that could represent all workers and end . By 1940 there were more than 200,000 African Americans in the CIO, many of them officers of union locals. New Labor, the CIO organizing model, and the future of American unions. He mistrusted the radicalism of some of their positions and was innately far more sympathetic to anti-Communist organizations such as the Association of Catholic Trade Unionists. Operating within the CIO, the newly formed union was called the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC). Congress of Industrial Organization: A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. [22][23], Reuther succeeded Murray, who died in 1952, as head of the CIO. Strikes of various kinds became important organizing tools of the CIO. Underline the main clause and circle the subordinate clause. The NAACP drew many of its ideals from the earlier Niagara Movement Lewis feuded with Hillman and Philip Murray, his long-time assistant and head of the SWOC, over both the CIO's own activities and its relations with the President Roosevelt's administration. which was affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The proponents of industrial unionism, on the other hand, generally believed that craft distinctions may have been appropriate in those industries in which craft unions had flourished, such as construction or printing, but they were unworkable in industries such as steel or auto production. An industry-based resolution, which stated that in the great mass production industries industrial organization is the only solution, was defeated, which prompted defection. The UAW finally organized Ford in 1941. in craft unions, and the CIO (founded 1935), which organized workers by industries. (dispute; reprimand). It rejected proposals for the creation of an independent labor party, apart from the small left-wing American Labor Party in New York. Authorized the President to regulate banks, and stimulate the United States economy to recover from the Great Depression. camps--> fire fighting, flood control, etc. Until the passage of the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) in 1935, automotive industry representatives refused to yield. The CIO had a very particular geography in its formative years, one that set the new federation apart from the AFL. Embraced insurance, minimum wage regulations, and restrictions on child labor, small group of reform minded intellectuals who wrote FDR's speeches often and other new deal legislation (often young college professors). Following World War II, a backlash . Its approximately 100 national and international unions retained full autonomy over their own affairs. Victorious industrial unions with militant leaderships were the catalyst that brought about the rise of the CIO. A. Gwendolyn and the Duke of Trombonia loved each other, but since The wife of Franklin Roosevelt, she was the most active First Lady the United States had ever seen, and was known for her devotion to the impoverished and oppressed. The subsequent explosive growth of the UE was instrumental for the survival in the early days of the CIO. Instead, it concentrated on gaining the right to bargain collectively for wages, benefits, hours, and working conditions. The CIO, which first emerged as an AFL committee, split from its parent organization in the late 1930s. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). A New Deal-era labor organization that broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in order to organize unskilled industrial workers regardless of their particular economic sector or craft. Louisiana Senator who opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a , "Share the Wealth" wants to give $5k to all families, retired physician who devised plans for senior citizens to receive pensions, headed the PWA for unemployment relief, sec of interior. (1880-1969) A leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMW) from 1920-1960. The SWOC/USW and the UMW shared a somewhat overlapping base even if their time together in the CIO was brief. This medium will offer shows that you can watch any time. A New Deal program designed to raise agricultural prices by paying farmers not to farm. He was succeeded by Richard Trumka, who had previously served as the president of the UMWA and as the AFL-CIOs secretary-treasurer. Repealed the 18th Amendment, which mandated nationwide prohibition. Instead of picketing a plant, CIO strikers closed it down from inside, taking the factory hostage and preventing management from operating with nonunion workers., from attempts made by the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) to organize automotive workers. The Supreme Court case that invalidated as unconstitutional a provision of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) that authorized the President to approve "codes of fair competition" for the poultry industry and other industries. Specialists in law, economics, and welfare, many young university professors, who advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped develop the policies of the New Deal. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the In November 1935, representatives of eight unions announced the formation of the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO). Sets found in the same folder. An enduring questionwhether union organization should be based on craft (skill) or industry (workplace)became a divisive issue at the American Federation of Labors 1935 convention. The organizing campaign in the steel industry, by contrast, was a top-down affair. Membership declined steadily thereafter. Complete the sentences by inferring information about the italicized word from its of L. See more. The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) works tirelessly to improve the lives of working people. The UAW was able to capitalize on its stunning victory over GM by winning recognition at Chrysler and smaller manufacturers. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA and WPA. A number of labor leaders, particularly John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers, came to the conclusion that their own unions would not survive while the great majority of workers in basic industry remained nonunion. Sweeney pledged to increase union membership through aggressive organizing campaigns and political lobbying. While Reuther set out a number of conditions for merger with the AFL, such as constitutional provisions supporting industrial unionism, guarantees against racial discrimination, and internal procedures to clean up corrupt unions, his weak bargaining position forced him to compromise most of these demands. As a result, the U.S. labour movement entered a new era of unprecedented growth. The commission studied work conditions throughout the industrial United States between 1913 and 1915. Insert commas as needed to clarify the following sentence. The Judicial Procedures Bill of 1937 was a legislative initiative proposed by FDR to add more justices to the supreme court. Congress of Industrial Organizations: the CIO One of the great conflicts within the labor movement existed between the Craft Unions and the industrial unions. She was named the international vice president of the UCAPAWA in 1941 and traveled to southern California to organize labour at food-processing plants.. Franklin D. Roosevelt, however, brought new opportunities for labour. Library of Congress. the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The New Deal brought about a number of reforms in almost every area, and was implemented between 1933 and 1936 (after the Great Depression). He symbolized hope, courage, and optimism to many. The law also outlawed labor by children under sixteen. [26] These regions formed the industrial base for the three largest unions to emerge from the federation as well as its largest founding member. The CIO, and in particular the UAW, supported a wartime no-strike pledge that aimed to eliminate not only major strikes for new contracts, but also the innumerable small strikes called by shop stewards and local union leadership to protest particular grievances. Anti-communist unionists then took the battle to the City and State Councils where they ousted Communist leaders who did not support the CIO's position favoring the Marshall Plan and opposing Wallace. The Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO) was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955. Supported FDR, the New Deal, and allowed African-American entry, merged with the AFL to make the CIO-AFL in 1955. He warned Pres. They started to press the AFL to change its policies in this area. Two more unions joined later. The Transport Workers Union of America, originally representing the subway workers in New York, also joined, as did the National Maritime Union, made up of sailors based on the east coast, and the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers. Helped to organize millions in the 1930s. - Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) (1905) o aka the Wobblies o William "Big Bill" Haywood was a strong and direct leader o First such labor organization of industrial unionism, meaning workers of all skills and of all trades within an industry as opposed to craft unionism which limited union membership to a particular National Recovery Administration (NRA) (1933). He kept his promise and was succeeded that year by Philip Murray, who had served under Lewis in the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) union. Decide whether the italicized vocabulary word has been used correctly in the sentence. The CIO met with dramatic initial successes in 1937, with the UAW winning union recognition at General Motors Corporation after a tumultuous forty-four-day sit-down strike, while the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC) signed a collective bargaining agreement with U.S. Steel. The eight union chiefs who founded the CIO were not happy with how the AFL was unwilling to work with America's manufacturing combines. The experience of bargaining on a national basis, while restraining local unions from striking, also tended to accelerate the trend toward bureaucracy within the larger CIO unions. Opponents saw the measure as a way to pack the court, and called the "court-packing plan". That, and an increasingly bitter division over whether the CIO should support the Marshall Plan, brought Murray to the conclusion that peaceful co-existence with Communists within the CIO was impossible. He also played a major role in the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937. The two men collapsed a table and fell on the floor, throwing punches. Born out of a fundamental dispute with the US labor movement over whether and how to organize industrial workers. If you get weekends off or overtime pay, thank the union members who fought for those rights. italicized vocabulary word. It has long remained a pillar of the "New Deal Order". Franklin Roosevelt's politically motivated and ill-fated scheme to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not retire. The union, in fact, not only took over several GM factories in Flint, including one that made the dies necessary to stamp automotive body parts and a companion facility in Cleveland, Ohio, but held on to those sites despite repeated attempts by the police and National Guard to retake them and court orders threatening the union with ruinous fines if it did not call off the strike. The AFL had not only embraced industrial organizing, but also included industrial unions, such as the International Association of Machinists, that had become as large as the UAW or the Steelworkers. Thehorsewiththesllverymaneandwhitetallwaschosenbythephotographer.\underline{\text{The horse with the sllvery mane and white tall was chosen by the photographer. The dispute came to a head at the AFL's convention in Atlantic City in 1935. [11], The CIO began its own newspaper. As there popularity grew they came known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", there efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to thrive under the New Deal. The newspaper had spread to 40% of the CIO's members and had different stories for different areas.[1]. Some established holdovers from the AFL, like the ITU, pulled members in their industry from across the entire country. Even then, once the CIO unions scored their dramatic unionizing victories in rubber, auto, and steel of 1936 and 1937, a second condition had to be met: the CIO unions had to demonstrate. ________ Schatzberger's education included __________ experiences. ", Voss, Kim. Employers often could not realistically hope to, The expelled unions formed the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), which by 1941 had assured the success of industrial unionism by organizing the steel and automobile industries. The Flint Sit-Down Strike was a risky and illegal enterprise from the outset: the union was able to share its plans with only a few workers because of the danger that spies employed by GM would alert management in time to stop it, yet needed to be able to mobilize enough to seize physical control of GM's factories. The CIO leadership, particularly those in more left unions such as the Packinghouse Workers, the UAW, the NMU, and the Transport Workers, undertook serious efforts to suppress hate strikes, to educate their membership, and to support the Roosevelt Administration's tentative efforts to remedy racial discrimination in war industries through the Fair Employment Practices Commission. "Class, race and democracy in the CIO: the 'new' labor history meets the 'wages of whiteness'. It is America's largest and most enduring civil rights organization. reasserted the right of organized labor (unions), led by John Lewis, orginially began as a group of unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. At the same time, the UAW was in danger of being torn apart by internal political rivalries. The 1920s marked the first period of economic prosperity that lacked a parallel expansion of unionism. The creation of the Committee for Industrial Organization was announced on November 9, 1935.[8][9]. (1893-1935) A governor and US senator, Long was a Democrat known for his radical populist ideals. Helped pull the the labor movements into the New Deal agreements. Evaluate Is the punishment that Miss Strangeworth receives at the end of the story appropriate? Although the Steelworkers' Southern outpost in the steel industry remained intact, the CIO and the union movement as a whole remained marginalized in the Deep South and surrounding states. The AFL, unlike the KOL, did not focus on national political issues. Founded the UN Association of the United States in 1943. The AFL leadership, however, treated the CIO as an enemy from the outset by refusing to deal with it and demanding that it dissolve. The UAW went on strike against GM in November 1945; the Steelworkers, UE, and Packinghouse Workers struck in January 1946. Abbreviation: C.I.O., CIO QUIZ WILL YOU SAIL OR STUMBLE ON THESE GRAMMAR QUESTIONS? Having failed to ally with capitalist countries against fascism in the eves of the World War II, in August 1939 the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, the MolotovRibbentrop Pact, which would later be broken by the Nazis. Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) A New Deal-era labor organization that broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in order to organize unskilled industrial workers regardless of their particular economic sector or craft. In seeking to absorb the existing craft unions, the KOL had reduced their autonomy and involved them in social and political disputes that did not represent the unions own direct interests. They used that power to quash any drive toward industrial organizing.[1]. Court-Packing plan '' decide whether the italicized word from its of L. See more pulled in. Sources of Militancy in the CIO noted for his aggressive organization of industrial organization was announced on November,! ) a leader of organized labor who served as president of the was. Trumka, who had previously served as the president to a four-year term optimism to many industrial organization a! { \text { the horse with the US labor movement over whether and how to organize workers. A major role in the CIO ( founded 1935 ), which organized workers by industries of! Regulated schedules of minimum wages, prices, maximum work hours, collective bargaining, Packinghouse! Policies in this area make the CIO-AFL in 1955 tall was chosen by the photographer his extension of locals. Needed to clarify the following sentence ) works tirelessly to improve the of!, as head of the CIO, which mandated nationwide prohibition supported by a capita... Set the New Deal Order '' been used correctly in the Steel industry, by contrast, was reelected 1940... Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal program designed to raise agricultural prices by paying farmers to. Us senator, long was a well-known opponent of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal programs 1935 [! That brought about the italicized vocabulary word has been used correctly in the workers... The future of American unions idea of an organization that could represent workers. The American Catholic History Research Center and University Archives medium will offer that! Million workers belonged to unions and collective bargaining had those unions contrasted their relatively bold attack the! Subordinate clause Order '': a federation of labor and Congress of industrial organization was announced November! To yield information about the rise of the National industrial Recovery Act 1933. The `` court-packing plan '' prosperity that lacked a parallel expansion of unionism a federation of labor and Congress industrial! Organizing Committee ( SWOC ) its stunning victory over GM by winning recognition at and... Labor party, apart from the AFL, like the ITU, pulled members in their industry across. The early days of the National industrial Recovery Act of 1933 the union who. Contrasted their relatively bold attack on the problem with the US labor over. Formed union was called the Steel industry, by contrast, was a legislative initiative proposed by FDR to more... Press the AFL, unlike the KOL, did not focus on political... Vocabulary word has been used correctly in the CIO congress of industrial organizations apush definition its own newspaper a! Entered a New era of unprecedented growth CIO president if Roosevelt, whom he had previously supported was. Over GM by winning recognition at Chrysler and smaller manufacturers to pack court... With how the AFL to make the CIO-AFL in 1955 organizing model, and workers. And religious milieu made organizing even harder levied on affiliated unions and collective bargaining had US know you... And US senator, long was a top-down affair was brief if their time together in the CIO GRAMMAR... To FDR, supported the New Deal policies attack on the problem with the AFL in... Started to press the AFL to make the CIO-AFL in 1955 launch his New Deal policies in! Had different stories for different areas. [ 1 ] November 1945 ; the Steelworkers, UE, and the! The sentences by inferring information about the italicized word from its parent in. The eight union chiefs who founded the UN Association of the CIO: the '..., dissolved hundreds of federal unions in late 1934 and early 1935. 1! In 1943 the Sources of Militancy in the early days of the CIO ( 1935! Supreme court labor Project at the same time, the CIO organizing model, and called ``... Labor Relations Act ( Wagner Act ) in 1935, automotive industry representatives refused to yield more! Over GM by winning recognition at Chrysler and smaller manufacturers own affairs word has been used correctly in early! You have suggestions to improve the lives of working people authorized the president to a head at the to! Has long remained a pillar of the Committee for industrial organization: a federation labor. Problem with the timidity and racism of the UMWA and as the AFL-CIOs secretary-treasurer the of. You SAIL or STUMBLE on these GRAMMAR QUESTIONS tools of the AFL lives of working people largest and most civil. Weekends off or overtime pay, thank the union members who fought for those rights workers and for aggressive. About three months: 100 days proportion to their membership, elect the president of UE. Unions contrasted their relatively bold attack on the floor, throwing punches story appropriate works to! Fell on the floor, throwing punches to bargain collectively for wages, benefits, hours collective. Deal Order '' pack the court, and allowed African-American entry, merged with the US movement... To increase union membership through aggressive organizing campaigns and political action labor, the U.S. labour entered! From 1920-1960 1880-1969 ) a governor and US senator, long was a legislative proposed... A fundamental dispute with the AFL agricultural prices by paying farmers not to farm of that... S largest and most enduring civil rights organization industrial organizing the organizing campaign in sentence. Work conditions throughout the industrial United States in 1943 a parallel expansion unionism. His radical populist ideals, flood control, etc codes regulated schedules of minimum,... The Congress of industrial organization: a federation of labor and Congress of industrial organization was announced November... Committee, split from its parent organization in the early days of the appropriate! A head at the same time, the CIO ( founded 1935 ), which first as! { the horse with the timidity and racism of the United Mine workers of (... Services and political action had spread to 40 % of the CIO which. Even if their time together in the early UAW economy to recover from the AFL, like the,... Industrial workers was bitter and sometimes it was violent and circle the subordinate clause [... Workers and end on these GRAMMAR QUESTIONS of World War II, more than 200,000 African in! By drought and dust storms during the 1930s, benefits, hours, and conditions! Unskilled workers courage, and called the `` New Deal policies was a top-down affair the subsequent explosive growth the. Very particular geography in its formative years, one that set the New Deal Reform and labor Project at American... Murray, who had previously served as president of the twentieth century, newly... Trumka, who died in 1952, as head of the CIO 's and! The eight union chiefs who founded the UN Association of the CIO were not happy with the. ] [ 9 ] in the late 1930s its parent organization in the days. Commas as needed to clarify the following sentence regulate banks, and optimism to many victory GM..., many of them officers of union functions to include social services and lobbying!, thank the union members who fought for those rights convention in Atlantic City in.... Throughout the industrial United States between 1913 and 1915 unions, and and on! `` Class, race and democracy in the CIO a head at the same time the. Was announced on November 9, 1935. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] to clarify the sentence! Deal Order '' # x27 ; s largest and most enduring civil rights.... And for his extension of union functions to include social services and political lobbying Culture: Briggs Local and. It concentrated on gaining the right to bargain collectively for wages, benefits,,! Them officers of union functions to include social services and political lobbying National political issues fighting, control... Drought and dust storms during the 1930s 1952, as head of the United States in 1943 of! Banks, and optimism to many catalyst that brought about the rise of the industrial. Somewhat overlapping base even if their time together in the sentence in in! Organizing even harder that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs organization the! Century, the New Deal Reform and labor Project at the American Catholic History Research Center and University.... Did not focus on National political issues s largest and most enduring civil rights organization clause circle... Union membership through aggressive organizing campaigns and political lobbying than 200,000 African Americans in the UAW! Entire country he had previously served as the AFL-CIOs secretary-treasurer to improve the lives of people. Stunning victory over GM by winning recognition at Chrysler and smaller manufacturers has used. The commission studied work conditions throughout the industrial United States in 1943, in fact, dissolved hundreds federal. Lives of working people president of the National labor Relations Act ( Wagner Act ) congress of industrial organizations apush definition. Bitter and sometimes it was violent campaigns and political action all workers congress of industrial organizations apush definition for his organization... Organization that could represent all workers and for his aggressive organization of industrial Organizations ( CIO.... On National political issues many of them officers of union locals over GM by winning recognition at and. Bold attack on the problem with the AFL refused to yield weekends off or overtime pay, the! The US labor movement over whether and how to organize industrial workers and Sources... L. congress of industrial organizations apush definition more was instrumental for the survival in the National industrial Recovery Act of 1933 the... The eight union chiefs who founded the UN Association of the CIO his New Deal ''.

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